A Descriptive Study of wetland vegetation, ecology, habitat and Rift Valley Fever virus vectors in South Africa.

Outbreaks of Rift Valley fever (RVF) have been closely linked to environmental conditions that support large vector populations with what is required for breeding of vectors. Fine-scale vegetation surveys were used to assess how wetland plant communities vary across sites with historical RVF outbreaks in Free State Province of South Africa and to detail plant species density that correlates with mosquito habitat. Methods: At 22 sites, we compiled 201 releves using the modified Braun-Blanquet method in combination with 200 transects using the line-point method developed specifically for this study. A total of 195 plants were identified and vouchered. These data were combined with soil analyses carried out at all 22 sites and with data from bimonthly mosquito trapping at all sites. Results and significance: We identified an increase of invasive plants and upland species compared to the earlier study and observed that drought causes a change in wetland vegetation community structure and species composition. However, the wetland vegetation was still dominated by grasses and sedges, with a limited presence of Juncus and forbs. Livestock grazing pressure on wetlands to the drought results in reduced vegetation cover, abundance and diversity. Our work describes a changing landscape that may impact RVFV maintenance and transmission, and provides insights into extensive livestock farming and rainfall over shallow endorheic depressions in temperate grasslands and subtropical riparian environments.